Core Technical Mechanisms

To ensure Andara’s high performance and technical edge, the system employs several core mechanisms:

AETx: Parallel Transaction Execution Model

Non-conflicting transactions {t₁, t₂, ..., tₙ} are divided into independent sets Pᵢ. ∀ i ≠ j, Pᵢ ∩ Pⱼ = ∅

Executed in parallel:

for each Pᵢ in P:

spawn(workerᵢ.execute(Pᵢ))

barrier_sync

aggregate_commit

State control via MVCC and conflict detection with Bloom Filters.

DPoS + BFT Consensus Parameters

· Maximum Number of Validators (Vₘₐₓ): 47

· Minimum TTA Staking Requirement (Sₘᵢₙ): 100,000 TTA

· Block Finality Threshold (R): R = 2f + 1, where f is the number of tolerable faulty nodes

· Validator Rotation Interval: Every 21,600 blocks (approximately every 3 days), the active validator set is rotated

· Fault Tolerance Window (ε): ε = 3 — If a validator fails to produce blocks for 3 consecutive rounds, it will be forcefully replaced

Micro-Blocks + Dynamic Block Size Scheduling

· Micro-Block Structure:

Each main block is composed of n micro-blocks.

The maximum capacity of a single micro-block is:

Cₛ = 256 KB

· Dynamic Main Block Capacity:

The total capacity of a main block (Cₘ) is dynamically adjusted based on the gas usage of the previous block.

The value of Cₘ is constrained within:

Cₘ ∈ [1 MB, 16 MB]

· Adjustment Formula:

The block size for the next round (Cₘ⁽ⁱ⁺¹⁾) is calculated as:

Cₘ⁽ⁱ⁺¹⁾ = Cₘ⁽ⁱ⁾ × min(1.25, max(0.75, G_used / G_target))

Where:

G_used is the actual gas consumed in the previous block

G_target is the target gas threshold

This dynamic resizing mechanism helps maintain throughput efficiency and ensures adaptive capacity under varying network loads.

State Synchronization & Data Structure

To ensure scalable and verifiable state management across the network, Titanium Aether adopts a Sparse Merkle Tree (SMT) structure for maintaining the global state. This enables parallel construction and partitioned subtree synchronization, significantly improving performance and auditability.

Merkle Root Construction at Block Height h

The global state Merkle root at block height h is computed as:

Rₕ = H( Rₕ₋₁ ∥ Bₕ ∥ Tₕ )

Where: Rₕ₋₁ is the Merkle root of the previous block state

Bₕ represents the current block's metadata

Tₕ is the set of transaction hashes for the current block

This deterministic structure guarantees tamper-proof state transitions, enables lightweight proofs, and forms the cryptographic foundation for verifiable computation and synchronization across all nodes.

System Security & Rollback Contingency Mechanism

To ensure robust operational integrity and rapid fault recovery, Titanium Aether incorporates a comprehensive security and rollback design:

· Traceable Execution Auditing:

Every smart contract execution is fully recorded using a keccak256-based Trace Tree, which maps the execution path for each transaction.

The trace identifier is computed as:

TraceID = keccak256(txHash ∥ opcode ∥ stackState)

This enables precise auditing and forensic traceability of every on-chain behavior.

· Automated Snapshot & Redundancy:

The system captures automatic snapshots of the blockchain state at fixed intervals and deploys redundant validator nodes to maintain high availability.

· Redundancy Condition:

The number of backup nodes must meet the condition:

R_backup ≥ N ÷ 3

Where N is the total number of validator nodes.

· Snapshot Interval:

Default snapshot frequency is set to once every 180 seconds, enabling rapid rollback in case of catastrophic failure or malicious events.

These mechanisms form the foundational infrastructure of Andara—supporting high performance, concurrency, and verifiability—while adhering to modularity, system stability, and forward compatibility as core principles.

Andara’s architecture is composed of five foundational modules, purpose-built to sustain a performant, resilient, and extensible on-chain trading ecosystem:

• Execution Layer

Asynchronous parallel execution, with intra-block transaction sharding and optimized scheduling to enable concurrent processing of non-conflicting operations.

• Consensus Layer

Enhanced BFT with configurable validator sets and adaptive fault thresholds for rapid block finality and robust tolerance.

• Networking Layer

P2P architecture using Libp2p, enhanced by geolocation-aware routing to ensure low-latency broadcasting and efficient data synchronization.

• State Management Layer

Modular state tree design (e.g., MPT or SMT) paired with snapshot archiving—supporting high-frequency transactions and traceable audits.

• Interoperability Layer

Native bridging and cross-chain relays supporting future compatibility with Ethereum, BSC, Solana, and more.

Developer-Centric Infrastructure

· Unified Dev Tools: SDKs, IDE plugins, APIs; compatible with major wallets and hardware devices.

· TrendX-Native Integration: Plug-and-play with TrendX’s intelligent trading & data engines.

· Modular Layering: Hot-swappable architecture for independent upgrades.

· Observability: Real-time logs, TX tracing, performance dashboards.

· Smart Contract Isolation: VM partitions and gas quotas to mitigate resource exhaustion risks.