Modular Architecture

Titanium Aether uses a layered architecture, composed of independent but cooperative layers, ensuring flexibility and upgradeability:

Networking Layer

Built on P2P frameworks like Libp2p, it uses Kademlia Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) for node discovery and routing. The design strengthens topology, efficiency, and resilience.

Consensus Layer

· Combines Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT).

· DPoS minimizes energy usage by electing validators.

· BFT ensures fast and secure consensus, tolerating malicious nodes.

· Optimized algorithms (e.g., PBFT-inspired Tendermint) reduce communication overhead.

Execution Layer

Features a high-performance smart contract runtime:

· Supports Solidity, Rust, and other languages.

· Uses WebAssembly (WASM) for secure, cross-platform execution.

· Parallel execution boosts throughput by processing independent contracts concurrently.

Storage Layer

· On-chain state is stored in high-performance KV databases like LevelDB or RocksDB, secured via Merkle Trees.

· For large unstructured data (e.g., files, images), IPFS is used to provide content-addressed, off-chain storage — lowering cost and improving efficiency.